Corona Virus

 

Ms. Sneha R. Dubey

Shridevi College of Nursing, Tumkur, Plot No.16, Araya Nagar, Koradi Road, Nagpur 440030.

 

ABSTRACT:

Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds that include diarrhea in cows and pigs, and upper respiratory disease in chickens. In humans, the virus causes respiratory infections, which are often mild, but in rare cases are potentially lethal. There are no vaccines or antiviral drugs that are approved for prevention or treatment. Coronaviruses are viruses in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae, in the order Nidovirales. Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and with a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genomic size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, the largest for an RNA virus.

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

A coronavirus is a kind of common virus that causes an infection in your nose, sinuses, or upper throat. Most coronaviruses are not dangerous. Some types of them are serious, though. About 858 people have died from Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which first appeared in 2012 in Saudi Arabia and then in other countries in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Europe. But in early January 2020, the World Health Organization identified a new type: 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China. By late January, there were 300 confirmed cases in China and a death count that was still in the single digits, but rising. And despite airport screenings, a traveler had brought the first case to the U.S.

 

DEFINITION:

any of a family (Coronaviridae) of single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped projections, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS and SARS

 

Fig 1. Etiology of corona virus

CAUSES:

Sometimes, but not often, a coronavirus can infect both animals and humans. Most coronaviruses spread the same way other cold-causing viruses do, through infected people coughing and sneezing, by touching an infected person's hands or face, or by touching things such as doorknobs that infected people have touched.

 

Fig. 2 Mechanism of coronavirus

 

 

HOW ARE CORONAVIRUSES TRANSMITTED:

Like other coronaviruses such as the common cold the virus is spread via droplets when a person coughs or sneezes. It can also be spread when someone touches a contaminated surface such as a door handle. Hospitals are also key locations for "super spreading" events when a single patient infects many people. When patients arrive in hospital with vague respiratory symptoms health workers may not know they need to take special precautions such as wearing masks or keeping them away from other patients.

 

The outbreak originates from animals and the source is thought to be a seafood market in Wuhan which also traded in other live animals such as marmots and bats.

 

HOW DID THE VIRUS SPREAD TO HUMANS?

The same genetic analysis suggests that the virus may have developed the ability to jump from snakes to people thanks to a mutation in a gene for a protein. If the virus was secreted in the animals’ faeces, this could have become aerosolised and breathed in, some researchers speculate.

 

Fig 3. Pathophysiology of corona virus

WHERE HAS THE VIRUS SPREAD TO SO FAR:

Most of the confirmed cases have been in Wuhan, where at least 444 people are known to have been diagnosed with the virus. But many more cases have been confirmed in China, including in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong. In total, there are more than 600 confirmed cases in China alone.

 

But the virus has also spread internationally. Cases have been confirmed in Thailand, Japan, South Korea, the US and most recently Singapore and Vietnam. So far, all these confirmed cases are in people who have travelled from China. But hundreds of suspected cases are being investigated in countries across Asia, as well as the UK and Mexico.

 

SYMPTOMES:

According to the WHO, signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, it can lead to pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death.

 

Reports say the incubation period of the coronavirus remains unknown, but other sources say it could be between 10 to 14 days. Cold- or flu-like symptoms usually set in from two to four days after coronavirus infection, and they are typically mild.

 

Symptoms include:

Sneezing                                A runny nose

Fatigue                                   A cough

In rare cases, fever              A sore throat

 

Exacerbated asthma

Human coronaviruses cannot be cultivated in the laboratory easily, unlike the rhinovirus, another cause of the common cold. This makes it difficult to gauge the coronavirus' impact on national economies and public health.

 

TREATMENT:

There are currently no recommended antiviral treatments for coronavirus infections in humans.

 

Supportive care is recommended

During the SARS outbreak from 2002 to 2004, patients were treated with corticosteroids and ribavirin, but there are no data to suggest these therapies were beneficial.

 

In MERS CoV, studies in non-human primates have shown some efficacy of IFN-alpha-2b plus ribavirin, and a retrospective cohort study of IFN-alpha-2a with ribavirin in humans have shown improved survival at 14 but not 28 days, but there are no prospective trial outcomes of combination in humans.

 

There are no applicable data on antiviral resistance.

 

There are no specific treatments for illnesses caused by human coronaviruses. Most people with common human coronavirus illness will recover on their own. However, you can do some things to relieve your symptoms take pain and fever medications (Caution: do not give Aspirin to children) use a room humidifier or take a hot shower to help ease a sore throat and cough

 

If you are mildly sick, you should drink plenty of liquids

stay home and rest

 

If you are concerned about your symptoms, you should see your healthcare provider.

 

PREVENTION:

There are currently no vaccines available to protect you against human coronavirus infection. You may be able to reduce your risk of infection by doing the following

1.     Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds

2.     Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands

3.     Avoid close contact with people who are sick

 

For information about hand washing, see CDC’s Clean Hands Save Lives!

 

HOW TO PROTECT OTHERS:

If you have cold-like symptoms, you can help protect others by doing the following

●      Stay home while you are sick

●      Avoid close contact with others

●      Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze, then throw the tissue in the trash and wash your hands

●      Clean and disinfect objects and surfaces

 

COMPLICATION:

For the SARS coronavirus, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure were the most common causes of death.

 

In MERS CoV infection, mortality from reported cases is approximately 40%, primarily due to respiratory failure, shock and multi-organ failure.

 

LIST OF CORONAVIRUSES IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS:

●      Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes avian infectious bronchitis.

●      Porcine coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus of pigs, TGEV).

●      Bovine coronavirus (BCV), responsible for severe profuse enteritis in of young calves.

●      Feline coronavirus (FCoV) causes mild enteritis in cats as well as severe Feline infectious peritonitis (other variants of the same virus).

●      the two types of canine coronavirus (CCoV) (one causing enteritis, the other found in respiratory diseases).

●      Turkey coronavirus (TCV) causes enteritis in turkeys.

●      Ferret enteric coronavirus causes epizootic catarrhal enteritis in ferrets.

●      Ferret systemic coronavirus causes FIP-like systemic syndrome in ferrets.

●      Pantropic canine coronavirus.

●      Rabbit enteric coronavirus causes acute gastrointestinal disease and diarrhea in young European rabbits. Mortality rates are high.

 

Another new veterinary disease, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PED or PEDV), has emerged around the world. Its economic importance is as yet unclear, but shows high mortality in piglets.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I would like to thanks to my parents and DR. Neeraj Bausker (residential medical officer) suretech hospital

 

REFERENCE:

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Received on 25.01.2020          Modified on 11.03.2020

Accepted on 22.04.2020     © AandV Publications all right reserved